Echo Cardiology Center Echocardiography Report Preparation | Specialized Services for Physicians

Echo Cardiology Center

Book Cover Braunwalds-Heart-Disease-Textbook

Select Parameter And Values

Parameter Male (Mean ± SD) Male (Range) Female (Mean ± SD) Female (Range) User Value Result
LV internal dimension - Diastolic dimension 50.2 ± 4.1 42.0–58.4 45.0 ± 3.6 37.8–52.2
LV internal dimension - Systolic dimension 32.4 ± 3.7 25.0–39.8 28.2 ± 3.3 21.6–34.8
LV volumes (biplane) - LV EDV 106 ± 22 62–150 76 ± 15 46–106
LV volumes (biplane) - LV ESV 41 ± 10 21–61 28 ± 7 14-42
LV volumes normalized by BSA - LV EDV 54 ± 10 34–74 45 ± 8 29–61
LV volumes normalized by BSA - LV ESV 21 ± 5 11–31 16 ± 4 8–24
LV EF (biplane) 62 ± 5 52–72 64 ± 5 54–74

Parameter Male Range Female Range User Value Result
LV mass (g) 88–224 67–162
LV mass/BSA (g/m²) 49–115 43–95
Relative wall thickness (cm) 0.24–0.42 0.22–0.42
Septal thickness (cm) 0.6–1.0 0.6–0.9
Posterior wall thickness (cm) 0.6–1.0 0.6–0.9
2D method LV mass (g) 96–200 66–150
2D method LV mass/BSA (g/m²) 50–102 44–95

Parameter 20-40 years 40-60 years >60 years User Value Result
Septal s' wave (cm/s) Mean ± SD: 8.6 ± 1.3
CI: 6.0–12.0 		Mean ± SD: 7.9 ± 1.4
CI: 5.9–11.0 		Mean ± SD: 7.5 ± 1.3
CI: 5.0–10.0
Lateral s' wave (cm/s) Mean ± SD: 10.7 ± 2.3
CI: 6.1–16.0 		Mean ± SD: 9.4 ± 2.2
CI: 4.0–15.0 		Mean ± SD: 8.5 ± 2.5
CI: 4.0–15.0
Average septal and lateral s' wave (cm/s) Mean ± SD: 9.6 ± 1.6
CI: 7.0–13.0 		Mean ± SD: 8.7 ± 1.5
CI: 6.0–12.0 		Mean ± SD: 8.1 ± 1.6
CI: 5.5–12.5
Inferior s' wave (cm/s) Mean ± SD: 9.3 ± 1.5
CI: 5.0–12.0 		Mean ± SD: 8.8 ± 1.5
CI: 5.0–12.0 		Mean ± SD: 8.2 ± 1.5
CI: 5.0–12.0
Anterior s' wave (cm/s) Mean ± SD: 10.0 ± 2.1
CI: 6.6–13.4 		Mean ± SD: 8.6 ± 2.0
CI: 4.0–12.0 		Mean ± SD: 7.6 ± 2.1
CI: 4.0–12.0
Posterior s' wave (cm/s) Mean ± SD: 10.2 ± 1.8
CI: 7.0–14.0 		Mean ± SD: 9.2 ± 1.9
CI: 5.0–13.2 		Mean ± SD: 8.8 ± 2.7
CI: 5.5–18.6
Average s' wave (cm/s) Mean ± SD: 9.7 ± 1.7
CI: 7.2–12.9 		Mean ± SD: 8.7 ± 1.4
CI: 6.2–11.9 		Mean ± SD: 8.1 ± 1.6
CI: 5.7–12.7

Parameter Inspiration Expiration Apnea User Value Result
Peak E, cm/s Mean ± SD: 67 ± 14 Mean ± SD: 68 ± 15 Mean ± SD: 68 ± 15
Peak A, cm/s Mean ± SD: 48 ± 16 Mean ± SD: 50 ± 16 Mean ± SD: 49 ± 15
E/A ratio Mean ± SD: 1.5 ± 0.6 Mean ± SD: 1.5 ± 0.7 Mean ± SD: 1.7 ± 0.6
DT, ms Mean ± SD: 195 ± 34 Mean ± SD: 192 ± 33 Mean ± SD: 194 ± 35
IVRT, ms Mean ± SD: 83 ± 16 Mean ± SD: 83 ± 16 Mean ± SD: 82 ± 16

Parameter Inspiration Expiration Apnea User Value Result
Peak velocity, cm/s - Systolic Mean ± SD: 55 ± 11 Mean ± SD: 54 ± 11 Mean ± SD: 54 ± 11
Peak velocity, cm/s - Diastolic Mean ± SD: 43 ± 11 Mean ± SD: 46 ± 12 Mean ± SD: 44 ± 11
Peak velocity, cm/s - PVa Mean ± SD: 20.2 ± 4.4 Mean ± SD: 21.1 ± 4.6 Mean ± SD: 20.5 ± 4.3
Forward time velocity integral, cm - Systolic Mean ± SD: 14 ± 3 Mean ± SD: 13 ± 3 Mean ± SD: 13 ± 3
Forward time velocity integral, cm - Diastolic Mean ± SD: 8.8 ± 2.6 Mean ± SD: 9.4 ± 2.7 Mean ± SD: 9.1 ± 2.6
Forward time velocity integral, cm - PVa Mean ± SD: 1.9 ± 0.6 Mean ± SD: 2.0 ± 0.8 Mean ± SD: 2.0 ± 0.1
FTVI systole, % Mean ± SD: 61 ± 9 Mean ± SD: 59 ± 10 Mean ± SD: 60 ± 9
Reverse TVI as % of FTVI Mean ± SD: 8.8 ± 3.2 Mean ± SD: 9.2 ± 4.0 Mean ± SD: 9.1 ± 3.7

Parameter Mean ± SD Normal Range User Value Result
RV basal diameter (mm) Mean ± SD: 33 ± 4 25–41
RV mid diameter (mm) Mean ± SD: 27 ± 4 19–35
RV longitudinal diameter (mm) Mean ± SD: 71 ± 7 59–83
RVOT PLAX diameter (mm) Mean ± SD: 25 ± 2.5 20–30
RVOT proximal diameter (mm) Mean ± SD: 30 ± 3.5 21–35
RVOT distal diameter (mm) Mean ± SD: 22 ± 2.5 17–27
RV wall thickness (mm) Mean ± SD: 3 ± 1 1–5
RVOT EDA (cm²) Men: Mean ± SD: 17 ± 3.5
Women: Mean ± SD: 14 ± 3 		Men: 10–24
Women: 8–20
RV EDA indexed to BSA (cm²/m²) Men: Mean ± SD: 8.8 ± 1.9
Women: Mean ± SD: 8 ± 1.75 		Men: 5–12.6
Women: 4.5–11.5
RV ESA (cm²) Men: Mean ± SD: 9 ± 3
Women: Mean ± SD: 7 ± 2.35 		Men: 3–15
Women: 3–11
RV ESA indexed to BSA (cm²/m²) Men: Mean ± SD: 4.7 ± 1.35
Women: Mean ± SD: 4.0 ± 1.2 		Men: 2.0–7.4
Women: 1.6–6.4
RV EDV indexed to BSA (ml/m²) Men: Mean ± SD: 61 ± 13
Women: Mean ± SD: 53 ± 10.5 		Men: 35–87
Women: 32–74
RV ESV indexed to BSA (ml/m²) Men: Mean ± SD: 27 ± 8.5
Women: Mean ± SD: 20 ± 7 		Men: 10–44
Women: 8–36

Structural parameters
Parameter Mild Moderate Severe User Value Result
Aortic leaflets Normal or abnormal Normal or abnormal Abnormal/flail, or wide coaptation defect
LV size Normal Normal or dilated Usually dilated
Qualitative Doppler
Parameter Mild Moderate Severe User Value Result
Jet width in LVOT, color flow Small in central jets Intermediate Large in central jets; variable in eccentric jets
Flow convergence, color flow None or very small Intermediate Large
Jet density, CW Incomplete or faint Dense Dense
Jet deceleration rate, CW (PHT, milliseconds) Incomplete or faint slow, >500 Medium, 500–200 Steep, <200
Diastolic flow reversal in descending aorta, FW Brief, early diastolic reversal Intermediate Prominent holodiastolic reversal
Semiquantitative parameters
Parameter Mild Moderate Severe User Value Result
VCW (cm) <0.3 0.3–0.6 >0.6
Jet width/LVOT width, central jets (%) <25 25–45 ≥65
Jet CSA/LVOT CSA, central jets (%) <5 5–20 ≥60
Quantitative parameters
Parameter Mild Moderate Severe User Value Result
RVol (mL/beat) <30 30–44 ≥60
RF (%) <30 30–39 ≥50
EROA (cm²) <0.10 0.10–0.19 ≥0.30

Structural
Parameter Mild Moderate Severe User Value
MV morphology None or mild leaflet abnormality (e.g., mild thickening, calcifications or prolapse, mild tenting) Moderate leaflet abnormality or moderate tenting Severe valve lesions (primary: flail leaflet, ruptured papillary muscle, severe retraction, large perforation; secondary: severe tenting, poor leaflet coaptation)
LV and LA size Usually normal Normal or mild dilated Dilated
Qualitative Doppler
Parameter Mild Moderate Severe User Value
Color flow jet area Small, central, narrow, often brief Variable Large central jet (>50% of LA) or eccentric wall-impinging jet of variable size
Flow convergence Not visible, transient or small Intermediate in size and duration Large throughout systole
CWD jet Faint/partial/parabolic Dense but partial or parabolic Holosystolic/dense/triangular
Semiquantitative
Parameter Mild Moderate Severe User Value
VCW (cm) <0.3 Intermediate ≥0.7 (≥0.8 for biplane)
Pulmonary vein flow Systolic dominance (may be blunted in LV dysfunction or AF) Normal or systolic blunting Minimal to no systolic flow/systolic flow reversal
Mitral inflow A wave dominant Variable E wave dominant (>1.2 m/s)
Quantitative
Parameter Mild Moderate Severe User Value
EROA, 2D PISA (cm²) <0.20 0.20–0.29 ≥0.40 (may be lower in secondary MR with elliptical ROA)
RVol (mL) <30 30–44 ≥60 (may be lower in low flow conditions)
RF (%) <30 30–39 ≥50

STRUCTURAL
Parameter Mild Moderate Severe User Value
tv morphology Normal or mildly abnormal leaflets Moderately abnormal leaflets Severe valve lesions (e.g., flail leaflet, severe retraction, large perforation)
rv and ra size Usually normal Normal or mild dilatation Usually dilated
inferior vena cava diameter Normal < 2 cm Normal or mildly dilated 2.1-2.5 cm Dilated > 2.5 cm
QUALITATIVE DOPPLER
Parameter Mild Moderate Severe User Value
color flow jet area Small, narrow, central Moderate central Large central jet or eccentric wall-impinging jet of variable size
flow convergence zone Not visible, transient or small Intermediate in size and duration Large throughout systole
cwd jet Faint/partial/parabolic Dense, parabolic or triangular Dense, often triangular
SEMIQUANTITATIVE
Parameter Mild Moderate Severe User Value
color flow jet area Not defined Not defined >10 cm²
vcw <0.3 cm 0.3-0.69 cm ≥0.7 cm
pisa radius ≤0.5 cm 0.6-0.9 cm >0.9 cm
hepatic vein flow Systolic dominance Systolic blunting Systolic flow reversal
tricuspid inflow A wave dominant Variable E wave > 1.0 m/s
QUANTITATIVE
Parameter Mild Moderate Severe User Value
eroa <0.20 cm² 0.20-0.39 cm² ≥0.40 cm²
rvol <30 mL 30-44 mL ≥45 mL

Parameter Male Absolute Female Absolute Male Indexed Female Indexed User Value Result
Annulus 2.6 ± 0.3 cm 2.3 ± 0.2 cm 1.3 ± 0.1 cm/m² 1.3 ± 0.1 cm/m²
Sinuses of Valsalva 3.4 ± 0.3 cm 3.0 ± 0.3 cm 1.7 ± 0.2 cm/m² 1.8 ± 0.2 cm/m²
Sinotubular junction 2.9 ± 0.3 cm 2.6 ± 0.3 cm 1.5 ± 0.2 cm/m² 1.5 ± 0.2 cm/m²
Proximal ascending aorta 3.0 ± 0.4 cm 2.7 ± 0.4 cm 1.5 ± 0.2 cm/m² 1.6 ± 0.3 cm/m²

Parameter Male Range Female Range User Value Result
LA diameter (cm) Reference: 3.0–4.0
Mildly Abnormal: 4.1–4.6
Moderately Abnormal: 4.7–5.2
Severely Abnormal: ≥5.2 		Reference: 2.7–3.8
Mildly Abnormal: 3.9–4.2
Moderately Abnormal: 4.3–4.6
Severely Abnormal: ≥4.7
LV diameter/BSA (cm/m²) Reference: 1.5–2.3
Mildly Abnormal: 2.4–2.6
Moderately Abnormal: 2.7–2.9
Severely Abnormal: ≥3.0 		Reference: 1.5–2.3
Mildly Abnormal: 2.4–2.6
Moderately Abnormal: 2.7–2.9
Severely Abnormal: ≥3.0
RA minor-axis dimension (cm) Reference: 2.9–4.5
Mildly Abnormal: 4.6–4.9
Moderately Abnormal: 5.0–5.4
Severely Abnormal: ≥5.5 		Reference: 2.9–4.5
Mildly Abnormal: 4.6–4.9
Moderately Abnormal: 5.0–5.4
Severely Abnormal: ≥5.5
RA minor-axis dimension/BSA (cm/m²) Reference: 1.7–2.5
Mildly Abnormal: 2.6–2.8
Moderately Abnormal: 2.9–3.1
Severely Abnormal: ≥3.2 		Reference: 1.7–2.5
Mildly Abnormal: 2.6–2.8
Moderately Abnormal: 2.9–3.1
Severely Abnormal: ≥3.2
LA area (cm²) Reference: ≤20
Mildly Abnormal: 20–30
Moderately Abnormal: 30–40
Severely Abnormal: >40 		Reference: ≤20
Mildly Abnormal: 20–30
Moderately Abnormal: 30–40
Severely Abnormal: >40
LV diastolic volume (mL) Reference: 18–58
Mildly Abnormal: 59–68
Moderately Abnormal: 69–78
Severely Abnormal: ≥79 		Reference: 22–52
Mildly Abnormal: 53–62
Moderately Abnormal: 63–72
Severely Abnormal: ≥73
LA volume/BSA (mL/m²) Reference: 22 ± 6
Mildly Abnormal: 29–33
Moderately Abnormal: 34–39
Severely Abnormal: ≥40 		Reference: 22 ± 6
Mildly Abnormal: 29–33
Moderately Abnormal: 34–39
Severely Abnormal: ≥40

Stage Definition Valve Anatomy Valve Hemodynamics Hemodynamic Consequences Symptoms User Value
A At risk of AS Bicuspid aortic valve (or other congenital valve anomaly), Aortic valve sclerosis Aortic Vmax <2 m/sec with normal leaflet motion None None
B Progressive AS Mild to moderate leaflet calcification/fibrosis of bicuspid or trileaflet valve with some reduction in leaflet motion or Rheumatic valve changes with commissural fusion Mild AS: Aortic Vmax 2.0-2.9 m/sec or mean AP <20 mm Hg
Moderate AS: Aortic Vmax 3.0-3.9 m/sec or mean AP 20-39 mm Hg 		Early LV diastolic dysfunction may be present None
C1 Asymptomatic severe AS Severe leaflet calcification/fibrosis or congenital stenosis with severely reduced leaflet opening Severe AS: Aortic Vmax ≥4 m/sec or mean AP ≥40 mm Hg LV diastolic dysfunction, Mild LV hypertrophy None, Exercise testing is reasonable to confirm symptom status
C2 Asymptomatic severe AS with LV systolic dysfunction Severe leaflet calcification/fibrosis or congenital stenosis with severely reduced leaflet opening Aortic Vmax ≥4 m/sec or mean AP ≥40 mm Hg LVEF <50% None
D1 Symptomatic severe high-gradient AS Severe leaflet calcification/fibrosis with severely reduced leaflet opening Aortic Vmax ≥4 m/sec or mean AP ≥40 mm Hg LV diastolic dysfunction, LV hypertrophy Exertional dyspnea, Decreased exercise tolerance
D2 Symptomatic severe low-flow, low-gradient AS with reduced LVEF Severe leaflet calcification/fibrosis with restricted leaflet motion Aortic Vmax <4 m/sec with resting aortic valve area ≤1.0 cm² HF, Angina, Syncope or presyncope Exertional dyspnea
D3 Symptomatic severe low-gradient AS with normal LVEF or paradoxical low-flow severe AS Severe leaflet calcification/fibrosis with restricted leaflet motion Aortic Vmax <4 m/sec, stroke volume index <35 mL/m² Increased LV wall thickness, Small LV chamber with low stroke volume, Restrictive diastolic filling HF, Angina, Syncope or presyncope

Stage Definition Valve Anatomy Valve Hemodynamics Hemodynamic Consequences Symptoms User Value
A At risk of AR Bicuspid aortic valve (or other congenital valve anomaly), Aortic valve sclerosis, Diseases of the aortic sinuses or ascending aorta, History of rheumatic fever or known rheumatic heart disease AR severity none or trace None None
B Progressive AR Mild to moderate calcification of a trileaflet valve or bicuspid aortic valve (or other congenital anomaly), Dilated aortic sinuses, Rheumatic valve changes, Previous IE Mild AR: Jet width <25% of LVOT, Vena contracta <0.3 cm, RVol <30 mL/beat, RF <30%, ERO <0.10 cm², Angiography grade 1+
Moderate AR: Jet width 25%-64% of LVOT, Vena contracta 0.3-0.6 cm, RVol 30-59 mL/beat, RF 30%-49%, ERO 0.10-0.29 cm², Angiography grade 2+ 		Normal LV systolic function, Normal LV volume or mild LV dilation None
C Asymptomatic severe AR Calcific aortic valve disease, Bicuspid valve (or other congenital abnormality), Dilated aortic sinuses or ascending aorta, Rheumatic valve changes, Previous IE with abnormal leaflet closure or perforation Severe AR: Jet width ≥65% of LVOT, Vena contracta >0.6 cm, Holodiastolic flow reversal in proximal abdominal aorta, RVol ≥60 mL/beat, RF ≥50%, ERO ≥0.3 cm², Angiography grade 3+ to 4+ C1: Normal LVEF (≥55%) and mild to moderate LV dilation (LVESD ≤50 mm)
C2: Abnormal LV systolic function (LVEF <55%) or severe LV dilation (LVESD >50 mm or indexed LVESD >25 mm/m²) 		None; exercise testing is reasonable to confirm symptom status
D Symptomatic severe AR Calcific valve disease, Bicuspid valve (or other congenital abnormality), Dilated aortic sinuses or ascending aorta, Rheumatic valve changes, Previous IE with abnormal leaflet closure or perforation Severe AR: Doppler jet width ≥65% of LVOT, Vena contracta >0.6 cm, Holodiastolic flow reversal in the proximal abdominal aorta, RVol ≥60 mL/beat, RF ≥50%, ERO ≥0.3 cm², Angiography grade 3+ to 4+ Symptomatic severe AR may occur with normal systolic function (LVEF >55%), mild to moderate LV dysfunction (LVEF 40% to 55%), or severe LV dysfunction (LVEF <40%). Moderate to severe LV dilation is present Exertional dyspnea or angina, or more severe HF symptoms

Stage Definition Valve Anatomy Valve Hemodynamics Hemodynamic Consequences Symptoms userValue
A At risk for MS Mild valve doming during diastole Normal transmitral flow velocity None None
B Progressive MS Rheumatic valve changes with commissural fusion and diastolic doming of mitral valve leaflets, Planimetered MVA >1.5 cm² Increased transmitral flow velocities, MVA >1.5 cm², Diastolic pressure half-time <150 msec Mild to moderate LA enlargement, Normal pulmonary pressure at rest None
C Asymptomatic severe MS Rheumatic valve changes with commissural fusion and diastolic doming of mitral valve leaflets, Planimetered MVA ≤1.5 cm² MVA ≤1.5 cm², Diastolic pressure half-time ≥150 msec Severe LA enlargement, Elevated PASP >50 mm Hg None
D Symptomatic severe MS Rheumatic valve changes with commissural fusion and diastolic doming of mitral valve leaflets, Planimetered MVA ≤1.5 cm² MVA ≤1.5 cm², Diastolic pressure half-time ≥150 msec Severe LA enlargement, Elevated PASP >50 mm Hg Decreased exercise tolerance, Exertional dyspnea

Stage Definition Valve Anatomy Valve Hemodynamics Hemodynamic Consequences Symptoms userValue
A At risk for MR Mild MVP with normal coaptation, Mild valve thickening and leaflet restriction Small vena contracta <0.3 cm, Central jet MR <20% LA on Doppler None None
B Progressive MR Moderate to severe MVP with normal coaptation, Rheumatic valve changes with leaflet restriction and loss of central coaptation, Previous IE Central jet MR 20%-40% LA or late systolic eccentric jet MR, Vena contracta <0.7 cm, RVol <60 mL, RF <50%, ERO <0.40 cm², Angiographic grade 1-2+ Mild LA enlargement, No LV enlargement, Normal pulmonary pressure None
C Asymptomatic severe MR Severe MVP with loss of coaptation or flail leaflet, Rheumatic valve changes with leaflet restriction and loss of central coaptation, Previous IE, Thickening of leaflets with radiation heart disease Central jet MR >40% LA or holosystolic eccentric jet MR, Vena contracta ≥0.7 cm, RVol ≥60 mL, RF ≥50%, ERO ≥0.40 cm², Angiographic grade 3-4+ Moderate or severe LA enlargement, LV enlargement, Pulmonary hypertension may be present at rest or with exercise None
D Symptomatic severe MR Severe MVP with loss of coaptation or flail leaflet, Rheumatic valve changes with leaflet restriction and loss of central coaptation, Previous IE, Thickening of leaflets with radiation heart disease Central jet MR >40% LA or holosystolic eccentric jet MR, Vena contracta ≥0.7 cm, RVol ≥60 mL, RF ≥50%, ERO ≥0.40 cm², Angiographic grade 3-4+ Moderate or severe LA enlargement, LV enlargement, Pulmonary hypertension present Decreased exercise tolerance, Exertional dyspnea

Stage Definition Valve Anatomy Valve Hemodynamics Associated Clinical Findings Symptoms userValue
A At risk of MR Normal valve leaflets, chords, and annulus in a patient with coronary disease or cardiomyopathy No MR jet or small central jet area <20% LA on Doppler, Small vena contracta <0.30 cm Normal or mildly dilated LV size with fixed (infarction) or inducible (ischemia) regional wall motion abnormalities, Primary myocardial disease with LV dilation and systolic dysfunction Symptoms attributable to coronary ischemia or HF may be present and respond to appropriate medical therapy
B Progressive MR Regional wall motion abnormalities with mild tethering of mitral leaflet, Annular dilation with mild loss of central coaptation of the mitral leaflets ERO <0.40 cm², RVol <60 mL, RF <50% Regional wall motion abnormalities with reduced LV systolic function, LV dilation and systolic dysfunction attributable to primary myocardial disease Symptoms attributable to coronary ischemia or HF may be present and respond to revascularization and appropriate medical therapy
C Asymptomatic severe MR Regional wall motion abnormalities and/or LV dilation with severe tethering of mitral leaflet, Annular dilation with severe loss of central coaptation of the mitral leaflets ERO ≥0.40 cm², RVol ≥60 mL, RF ≥50% Regional wall motion abnormalities with reduced LV systolic function, LV dilation and systolic dysfunction attributable to primary myocardial disease Symptoms attributable to coronary ischemia or HF may be present and respond to revascularization and appropriate medical therapy
D Symptomatic severe MR Regional wall motion abnormalities and/or LV dilation with severe tethering of mitral leaflet, Annular dilation with severe loss of central coaptation of the mitral leaflets ERO ≥0.40 cm², RVol ≥60 mL, RF ≥50% Regional wall motion abnormalities with reduced LV systolic function, LV dilation and systolic dysfunction attributable to primary myocardial disease HF symptoms attributable to MR persist after revascularization and optimization of medical therapy, Decreased exercise tolerance, Exertional dyspnea

Stage Definition Valve Hemodynamics Hemodynamic Consequences Clinical Symptoms userValue
B Progressive TR Central jet ≤50% RA, Vena contracta width ≤0.7 cm, ERO ≤0.4 cm², R Vol ≤45 mL None None
C Asymptomatic severe TR Central jet >50% RA, Vena contracta width >0.7 cm, ERO >0.4 cm², R Vol >45 mL, Dense CW signal with dagger shape, Hepatic vein systolic flow reversal Dilated RV and RA, Elevated RA with cV wave No symptoms
D1 Symptomatic severe TR Central jet >50% RA, Vena contracta width >0.7 cm, ERO >0.4 cm², R Vol >45 mL, Dense CW signal with dagger shape, Hepatic vein systolic flow reversal Dilated RV and RA, Elevated RA with cV wave Elevated venous pressure, Dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, ascites, edema

Parameter Details Result
Pericardium
  • Pericardial Infiltration: Present Absent
  • Pericardial Effusion: Present Absent
  • Pericardial Fluid Thickness:
  • Fluid Characteristics: Clear Bloody Purulent
CardiacFunction
  • Left Ventricle Size: Normal Decreased Volume Increased Volume
  • Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction:
  • Wall Motion: Normal Abnormality
CardiacTamponade
  • Clinical Evidence: Present Absent
  • Systolic Blood Pressure:
  • Changes In Ventricular Size: Present Absent
Other Findings
  • Valvular Insufficiency: Present Absent
  • Coronary Artery Disease: Present Absent
  • Heart Rhythm: Sinus Arrhythmia
Book Cover

Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 2-Volume Set 11th Edition

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